Energy systems have been a crucial concern for governments, international organizations, and academia, as they are significant contributors to driving global economic growth. In recent years, the topic of energy system vulnerability has gained considerable attention.
The digital economy has been recognized as a significant driving force in global economic operation and dubbed the “new engine” of international economic development. The global digital economy of 47 economies reached USD 3.81 billion in 2021, , accounting for 45% of the worldwide GDP.
